Competitividad = Ciencia, Tecnología e I+D
La competitividad no se alcanza con las Reformas que fomentan el desempleo, es decir, aquellas que reducen los salarios, abaratan el despido y eliminan las prestaciones laborales de los trabajadores. Tal y como abrazan y pregonan, como medidas necesarias para ser competitivos, países como España y México.
La Competitividad se logra a través de la inversión en desarrollar ciencia y tecnología o dicho de otra manera, en el gasto en I+D (véase por países y gasto Unión Europea). Así lo demuestra el más reciente Informe de Competitividad Mundial 2013-2014 publicado por el Banco Mundial.
Las 10 economías más competitivas en el mundo son:
- Suiza
- Singapure
- Finlandia
- Alemania
- Estados Unidos
- Suecia
- Hong Kong
- Holanda
- Japón
- Reino Unido
Según el Informe de Competitividad Global 2013-2014, eleborado por el Foro Económico Mundial, la mayoría de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, se estancaron en el desempeño de su competitividad.
Chile y Panamá conservan su liderazgo este año pero sin subir posiciones. Chile bajó un puesto (del 33 al 34) y Panamá se mantuvo en el lugar 40.
En América Latina, Chile (34) conserva el liderato seguido de Panamá (40), Barbados (47), Costa Rica (54) y México (55), los cuales se mantienen relativamente estables.
Llama la atención Ecuador, que mejora en 15 puntos, pasando de ser el número 86 a ubicarse en el puesto 71.
En el caso de Centroamérica, destaca Nicaragua (99), país que sigue mejorando (ganó más de 15 posiciones en los últimos años). Guatemala (86) bajo dos puntos y El Salvador (97) mejoró 4 puntos. Honduras va en retroceso pues pasó del puesto 90 al 111.
En esta región la seguridad ya no califica como el principal problema, únicamente se mantiene en el caso de Guatemala.
Además, Panamá y Costa Rica ahora están clasificados como “países en transición hacia la innovación”.
"La innovación se convierte en aún más crítica en términos de la habilidad de una economía para fomentar la prosperidad en el futuro", dijo Klaus Schwab, fundador y presidente ejecutivo del Foro Económico Mundial.
"Mi predicción es que la distinción tradicional entre los países que desarrollados o menos desarrollados desaparecerá poco a poco y en su lugar nos referiremos a ellos más en términos de países ricos en innovación y países pobre en innovación. Por tanto, es vital que los líderes de empresas, gobiernos y la sociedad civil trabajen conjuntamente para crear sistemas de educación y habilitar entornos que fomenten la innovación ", destacó Schwab.
Fuente: Entérese de las posiciones del Informe de Competitividad Global 2013-2014.
Estos aspectos que se mencionan acerca del papel de la innovación, son los que defiendo como factores determinantes para alcanzar la competitividad real, que conlleva a un crecimiento económico y un desarrollo sobre la calidad de vida de la población.
México baja al sitio 55 en competitividad por corrupción y violencia: El país cayó dos lugares en el Índice de Competitividad Mundial 2013-2014 publicado por el Foro Económico Mundial al ubicarse en el lugar 55 en el ranking, revirtiendo dos años de avance desde el 2011.
Las causas que detonaron la caída fueron corrupción y la violencia detonada por el crimen organizado, así como la ineficiencia burocrática, pues son los principales factores que obstaculizan el clima para hacer negocios.
El reporte destaca que los dos primeros factores han escalado peldaños en los últimos años, pues para el 2010 la corrupción se ubicaba en el segundo lugar y el crimen en el cuarto.
En contraste, dentro de los pilares de medición del reporte, los rubros mejor calificados para México fueron tamaño de mercado, donde se ubicó en la posición 11, ambiente macroeconómico (49), sofisticación de negocios (55) y desarrollo del mercado financiero (59).
En innovación (61) se obtuvieron resultados intermedios, así como en infraestructura (64), salud y educación primaria (73) y preparación tecnológica (74). En tanto que los pilares peor calificados para el país fueron los correspondientes a eficiencia en el mercado de bienes (83), educación alta y capacitación (85), instituciones (96) y eficiencia en el mercado laboral (113), donde cayó 11 peldaños, pues en el reporte pasado se ubicó en el lugar 102.
El Informe de Competitividad Global, abarca 3 áreas: Economía (4 pilares), Eficiencia (6 pilares) e Innovación (2 pilares). Aquí les dejo los indicadores que componen el Índice de Competitividad Mundial, con sus respectivas definiciones, así como, la fuente de procedencia de los datos:
Key indicators
0.01 Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product in billions of current US dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
0.02 Population
Total population in millions | 2011
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
0.03 GDP per capita
Gross domestic product per capita in current US dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
0.04 GDP as a share of world GDP
Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity as a percentage of world GDP | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
Pillar 1: Institutions
1.21 Strength of investor protection
Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012
This indicator is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index (transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct). For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
Pillar 2: Infrastructure
2.06 Available airline seat kilometers
Scheduled available airline seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | Jan 2013–Jul 2013
This indicator measures the total passenger-carrying capacity of all scheduled flights, including domestic flights, originating in a country. It is computed by taking the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers, summing the result across all scheduled flights in a week during January (winter schedule) and July (summer schedule) 2013, and taking the average capacity of the two weeks.
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser
2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions
Number of mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
A mobile telephone subscription refers to a subscription to a public mobile telephone service that provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) using cellular technology, including the number of pre-paid SIM cards active during the past three months. This includes both analog and digital cellular systems (IMT-2000, Third Generation, 3G) and 4G subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions via data cards or USB modems. Subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint or radio paging, and telemetry services are also excluded. It includes all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
2.09 Fixed telephone lines
Number of active fixed telephone lines per 100 population | 2012
A fixed telephone line is an active line connecting the subscriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) that has a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment. Active lines are those that have registered an activity in the past three months.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
Pillar 3: Macroeconomic environment
3.01 Government budget balance
General government budget balance as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–) is calculated as general government revenue minus total expenditure. This is a core Government Finance Statistics (GFS) balance that measures the extent to which the general government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy and nonresidents (net lending) or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors and nonresidents (net borrowing). This balance may be viewed as an indicator of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economy and nonresidents.
Revenue consists of taxes, social contributions, grants receivable, and other revenue. Revenue increases a government’s net worth, which is the difference between its assets and liabilities. General government total expenditure consists of total expenses and the net acquisition of nonfinancial assets.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
3.02 Gross national savings
Gross national savings as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Aggregate national savings is defined as public- and privatesector savings as a percentage of nominal GDP. National savings equals gross domestic investment plus the current-account balance.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
3.03 Inflation
Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average) | 2012
In order to capture the idea that both high inflation and deflation are detrimental, inflation enters the model in a U-shaped manner as follows: for values of inflation between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a country receives the highest possible score of 7. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these values.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition)
3.04 Government debt
Gross general government debt as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable. Thus, all liabilities in the Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares, financial derivatives, and employee stock options. For Australia, Belgium, Canada, Hong Kong SAR, Iceland, New Zealand, and Sweden, government debt coverage also includes insurance technical reserves, following the GFSM 2001 definition.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition) and Public Information Notices (various issues); national sources
3.05 Country credit rating
Institutional Investor’s Country Credit Ratings™ based on expert assessment of the probability of sovereign debt default on a 0–100 (lowest probability) scale | March 2013
Institutional Investor’s Country Credit Ratings™ are based on information provided by senior economists and sovereign-debt analysts at leading global banks and money management and security firms. Twice a year, the respondents grade each country on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 representing the least chance of default. No further copying or transmission of the Country Credit Ratings data is allowed without the express written permission of Institutional Investor. Contact publisher@institutionalinvestor.com for any further information.
Source: Institutional Investor.
Pillar 4: Health and basic education
4.02 Malaria incidence
Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2010
Data are estimates and are provided only for economies in which malaria is considered to be endemic. In the corresponding data table, “(NE)” denotes an economy where malaria is not endemic. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of malaria, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: The World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2012
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2011
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of tuberculosis, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
4.06 HIV prevalence
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years | 2011
HIV prevalence refers to the percentage of people aged 15–49 who are infected with HIV at a particular point in time, no matter when infection occurred. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); UNAIDS, Global Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2008 edition); national sources
4.07 Infant mortality
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2011
Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
4.08 Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2011
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
4.10 Primary education enrollment rate
Net primary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education (ISCED level 1) provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013); The Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012; The World Bank, EdStats Database (accessed June 27, 2012): Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), UNICEF Education at a Glance 2011; UNESCO Country Programming Document; national sources
Pillar 5: Higher education and training
5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate
Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the agegroup that officially corresponds to the secondary education level. Secondary education (ISCED levels 2 and 3) completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level and aims to lay the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skills-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013, and April 21, 2013); ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; national sources
5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate
Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total tertiary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary education level. Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6), whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013); national sources
Pillar 6: Goods market efficiency
6.05 Total tax rate
This indicator is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contributions (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2012
The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by a business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profits. The total amount of taxes is the sum of five different types of taxes and contributions payable after accounting for deductions and exemptions: profit or corporate income tax, social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, turnover taxes, and other small taxes. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, please visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/
methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
Number of procedures required to start a business | 2012
For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
6.07 Time required to start a business
Number of days required to start a business | 2012
For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
6.10 Trade tariffs
Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2012
This indicator is calculated as a weighted average of all the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The weights are the trade patterns of the importing country’s reference group (2011 data). An applied tariff is a customs duty that is levied on imports of merchandise goods.
Source: International Trade Centre
6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP
Imports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012
Total imports is the sum of total imports of merchandise and commercial services.
Sources: World Trade Organization, Statistical Database: Time Series on Merchandise and Commercial Services (accessed June 12, 1013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
Pillar 7: Labor market efficiency
7.04 Redundancy costs
Redundancy costs in weeks of salary | 2012
This indicator estimates the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Sources: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises; authors’ calculations
7.10 Female participation in labor force
Ratio of women to men in the labor force* | 2010
This measure is the percentage of women aged 15–64 participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of men aged 15–64 participating in the labor force.
Sources: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Markets (accessed June 27, 2013); national sources
Pillar 8: Financial market development
8.08 Legal rights index
Degree of legal protection of borrowers’ and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012
This index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect borrowers’ and lenders’ rights and thus facilitate lending. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Sources: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises; authors’ calculations
Pillar 9: Technological readiness
9.04 Internet users
Percentage of individuals using the Internet | 2012
Internet users refers to people using the Internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the last 12 months. Data are based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of Internet subscriptions.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
9.05 Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband Internet subscriptions (that is, subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet—a TCP/IP connection—at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
9.06 Internet bandwidth
International Internet bandwidth (kb/s) per Internet user | 2012
International Internet bandwidth is the sum of capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth measured in kilobits per second (kb/s).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions
Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
Mobile broadband subscriptions refers to active SIM cards or, on CDMA networks, connections accessing the Internet at consistent broadband speeds of over 512 kb/s, including cellular technologies such as HSPA, EV-DO, and above. This includes connections being used in any type of device able to access mobile broadband networks, including smartphones, USB modems, mobile hotspots, and other mobile-broadband connected devices.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
Pillar 10: Market size
10.01 Domestic market size index
Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012
The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services. Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP. For more details, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: Authors’ calculations.
10.02 Foreign market size index
Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012
The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and
GDP valued at PPP. For more details, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: Authors’ calculations
10.03 GDP (PPP)
Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in billions of international dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
10.04 Exports as a percentage of GDP
Exports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012
Total exports is the sum of total exports of merchandise and commercial services.
Sources: World Trade Organization, Online Statistics Database (accessed June 12, 2013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
Pillar 11: Business sophistication
There is no doubt that sophisticated business practices are conducive to higher efficiency in the production of goods and services. Business sophistication concerns two elements that are intricately linked: the quality of a country’s overall business networks and the quality of individual firms’ operations and strategies. These factors are particularly important for countries at an advanced stage of development when, to a large extent, the more basic sources of productivity improvements have been exhausted. The quality of a country’s business networks and supporting industries, as measured by the quantity and quality of local suppliers and the extent of their interaction, is important for a variety of reasons.
When companies and suppliers from a particular sector are interconnected in geographically proximate groups, called clusters, efficiency is heightened, greater opportunities for innovation in processes and products are created, and barriers to entry for new firms are reduced. Individual firms’ advanced operations and strategies (branding, marketing, distribution, advanced production processes, and the production of unique and sophisticated products) spill over into the economy and lead to sophisticated and modern business processes across the country’s business sectors.
Pillar 12: Innovation
12.07 PCT patent applications
Number of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation
Treaty (PCT) per million population | 2009-2010
This indicator measures the total count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by priority date and inventor nationality, using a fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors. The average count of applications filed in 2009 and 2010 is divided by population figures for 2010. For Taiwan (China) and Hong Kong SAR, two advanced economies, we use estimates in the absence of reliable data on PCT applications. First, we compute the average number of all patent applications filed with the United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO) in 2009–10. We then compute the average number of PCT applications for 2009 and 2010, before computing the ratio of the two averages (1.56). Only economies with a two-year average number of at least 100 USPTO applications and 50 PCT are considered for the computation of the two averages, and Taiwan (China) and Hong Kong SAR are excluded. We then divide the average number of applications filed by residents of Taiwan and residents of Hong Kong at the USPTO in 2009 and 2010, respectively, by the ratio above in order to produce an estimate for PCT applications. As a final step, we compute the estimates per million population—that is, 537.5 for Taiwan (China) and 85.3 for Hong Kong SAR. The estimates are used to compute the respective Innovation pillar score of the two economies.
Sources: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Patent Database, as of June 2013; The World Bank, World Development Indicators Online (retrieved April 21, 2013); authors’ calculations
Chile y Panamá conservan su liderazgo este año pero sin subir posiciones. Chile bajó un puesto (del 33 al 34) y Panamá se mantuvo en el lugar 40.
En América Latina, Chile (34) conserva el liderato seguido de Panamá (40), Barbados (47), Costa Rica (54) y México (55), los cuales se mantienen relativamente estables.
Llama la atención Ecuador, que mejora en 15 puntos, pasando de ser el número 86 a ubicarse en el puesto 71.
En el caso de Centroamérica, destaca Nicaragua (99), país que sigue mejorando (ganó más de 15 posiciones en los últimos años). Guatemala (86) bajo dos puntos y El Salvador (97) mejoró 4 puntos. Honduras va en retroceso pues pasó del puesto 90 al 111.
En esta región la seguridad ya no califica como el principal problema, únicamente se mantiene en el caso de Guatemala.
Además, Panamá y Costa Rica ahora están clasificados como “países en transición hacia la innovación”.
"La innovación se convierte en aún más crítica en términos de la habilidad de una economía para fomentar la prosperidad en el futuro", dijo Klaus Schwab, fundador y presidente ejecutivo del Foro Económico Mundial.
"Mi predicción es que la distinción tradicional entre los países que desarrollados o menos desarrollados desaparecerá poco a poco y en su lugar nos referiremos a ellos más en términos de países ricos en innovación y países pobre en innovación. Por tanto, es vital que los líderes de empresas, gobiernos y la sociedad civil trabajen conjuntamente para crear sistemas de educación y habilitar entornos que fomenten la innovación ", destacó Schwab.
Estos aspectos que se mencionan acerca del papel de la innovación, son los que defiendo como factores determinantes para alcanzar la competitividad real, que conlleva a un crecimiento económico y un desarrollo sobre la calidad de vida de la población.
Las causas que detonaron la caída fueron corrupción y la violencia detonada por el crimen organizado, así como la ineficiencia burocrática, pues son los principales factores que obstaculizan el clima para hacer negocios.
El reporte destaca que los dos primeros factores han escalado peldaños en los últimos años, pues para el 2010 la corrupción se ubicaba en el segundo lugar y el crimen en el cuarto.
En contraste, dentro de los pilares de medición del reporte, los rubros mejor calificados para México fueron tamaño de mercado, donde se ubicó en la posición 11, ambiente macroeconómico (49), sofisticación de negocios (55) y desarrollo del mercado financiero (59).
En innovación (61) se obtuvieron resultados intermedios, así como en infraestructura (64), salud y educación primaria (73) y preparación tecnológica (74). En tanto que los pilares peor calificados para el país fueron los correspondientes a eficiencia en el mercado de bienes (83), educación alta y capacitación (85), instituciones (96) y eficiencia en el mercado laboral (113), donde cayó 11 peldaños, pues en el reporte pasado se ubicó en el lugar 102.
Key indicators
0.01 Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product in billions of current US dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
0.02 Population
Total population in millions | 2011
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
0.03 GDP per capita
Gross domestic product per capita in current US dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
0.04 GDP as a share of world GDP
Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity as a percentage of world GDP | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
Pillar 1: Institutions
1.21 Strength of investor protection
Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012
This indicator is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index (transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct). For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
Pillar 2: Infrastructure
2.06 Available airline seat kilometers
Scheduled available airline seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | Jan 2013–Jul 2013
This indicator measures the total passenger-carrying capacity of all scheduled flights, including domestic flights, originating in a country. It is computed by taking the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers, summing the result across all scheduled flights in a week during January (winter schedule) and July (summer schedule) 2013, and taking the average capacity of the two weeks.
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser
2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions
Number of mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
A mobile telephone subscription refers to a subscription to a public mobile telephone service that provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) using cellular technology, including the number of pre-paid SIM cards active during the past three months. This includes both analog and digital cellular systems (IMT-2000, Third Generation, 3G) and 4G subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions via data cards or USB modems. Subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint or radio paging, and telemetry services are also excluded. It includes all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
2.09 Fixed telephone lines
Number of active fixed telephone lines per 100 population | 2012
A fixed telephone line is an active line connecting the subscriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) that has a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment. Active lines are those that have registered an activity in the past three months.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
Pillar 3: Macroeconomic environment
3.01 Government budget balance
General government budget balance as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–) is calculated as general government revenue minus total expenditure. This is a core Government Finance Statistics (GFS) balance that measures the extent to which the general government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy and nonresidents (net lending) or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors and nonresidents (net borrowing). This balance may be viewed as an indicator of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economy and nonresidents.
Revenue consists of taxes, social contributions, grants receivable, and other revenue. Revenue increases a government’s net worth, which is the difference between its assets and liabilities. General government total expenditure consists of total expenses and the net acquisition of nonfinancial assets.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
3.02 Gross national savings
Gross national savings as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Aggregate national savings is defined as public- and privatesector savings as a percentage of nominal GDP. National savings equals gross domestic investment plus the current-account balance.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
3.03 Inflation
Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average) | 2012
In order to capture the idea that both high inflation and deflation are detrimental, inflation enters the model in a U-shaped manner as follows: for values of inflation between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a country receives the highest possible score of 7. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these values.
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition)
3.04 Government debt
Gross general government debt as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable. Thus, all liabilities in the Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares, financial derivatives, and employee stock options. For Australia, Belgium, Canada, Hong Kong SAR, Iceland, New Zealand, and Sweden, government debt coverage also includes insurance technical reserves, following the GFSM 2001 definition.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition) and Public Information Notices (various issues); national sources
3.05 Country credit rating
Institutional Investor’s Country Credit Ratings™ based on expert assessment of the probability of sovereign debt default on a 0–100 (lowest probability) scale | March 2013
Institutional Investor’s Country Credit Ratings™ are based on information provided by senior economists and sovereign-debt analysts at leading global banks and money management and security firms. Twice a year, the respondents grade each country on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 representing the least chance of default. No further copying or transmission of the Country Credit Ratings data is allowed without the express written permission of Institutional Investor. Contact publisher@institutionalinvestor.com for any further information.
Source: Institutional Investor.
Pillar 4: Health and basic education
4.02 Malaria incidence
Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2010
Data are estimates and are provided only for economies in which malaria is considered to be endemic. In the corresponding data table, “(NE)” denotes an economy where malaria is not endemic. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of malaria, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: The World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2012
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2011
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of tuberculosis, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
4.06 HIV prevalence
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years | 2011
HIV prevalence refers to the percentage of people aged 15–49 who are infected with HIV at a particular point in time, no matter when infection occurred. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); UNAIDS, Global Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2008 edition); national sources
4.07 Infant mortality
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2011
Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
4.08 Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2011
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
4.10 Primary education enrollment rate
Net primary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education (ISCED level 1) provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013); The Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012; The World Bank, EdStats Database (accessed June 27, 2012): Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), UNICEF Education at a Glance 2011; UNESCO Country Programming Document; national sources
Pillar 5: Higher education and training
5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate
Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the agegroup that officially corresponds to the secondary education level. Secondary education (ISCED levels 2 and 3) completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level and aims to lay the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skills-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013, and April 21, 2013); ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; national sources
5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate
Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total tertiary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary education level. Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6), whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013); national sources
Pillar 6: Goods market efficiency
6.05 Total tax rate
This indicator is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contributions (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2012
The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by a business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profits. The total amount of taxes is the sum of five different types of taxes and contributions payable after accounting for deductions and exemptions: profit or corporate income tax, social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, turnover taxes, and other small taxes. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, please visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/
methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
Number of procedures required to start a business | 2012
For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
6.07 Time required to start a business
Number of days required to start a business | 2012
For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
6.10 Trade tariffs
Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2012
This indicator is calculated as a weighted average of all the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The weights are the trade patterns of the importing country’s reference group (2011 data). An applied tariff is a customs duty that is levied on imports of merchandise goods.
Source: International Trade Centre
6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP
Imports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012
Total imports is the sum of total imports of merchandise and commercial services.
Sources: World Trade Organization, Statistical Database: Time Series on Merchandise and Commercial Services (accessed June 12, 1013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
Pillar 7: Labor market efficiency
7.04 Redundancy costs
Redundancy costs in weeks of salary | 2012
This indicator estimates the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Sources: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises; authors’ calculations
7.10 Female participation in labor force
Ratio of women to men in the labor force* | 2010
This measure is the percentage of women aged 15–64 participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of men aged 15–64 participating in the labor force.
Sources: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Markets (accessed June 27, 2013); national sources
Pillar 8: Financial market development
8.08 Legal rights index
Degree of legal protection of borrowers’ and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012
This index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect borrowers’ and lenders’ rights and thus facilitate lending. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Sources: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises; authors’ calculations
Pillar 9: Technological readiness
9.04 Internet users
Percentage of individuals using the Internet | 2012
Internet users refers to people using the Internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the last 12 months. Data are based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of Internet subscriptions.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
9.05 Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband Internet subscriptions (that is, subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet—a TCP/IP connection—at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
9.06 Internet bandwidth
International Internet bandwidth (kb/s) per Internet user | 2012
International Internet bandwidth is the sum of capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth measured in kilobits per second (kb/s).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions
Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
Mobile broadband subscriptions refers to active SIM cards or, on CDMA networks, connections accessing the Internet at consistent broadband speeds of over 512 kb/s, including cellular technologies such as HSPA, EV-DO, and above. This includes connections being used in any type of device able to access mobile broadband networks, including smartphones, USB modems, mobile hotspots, and other mobile-broadband connected devices.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
Pillar 10: Market size
10.01 Domestic market size index
Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012
The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services. Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP. For more details, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: Authors’ calculations.
10.02 Foreign market size index
Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012
The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and
GDP valued at PPP. For more details, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: Authors’ calculations
10.03 GDP (PPP)
Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in billions of international dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
10.04 Exports as a percentage of GDP
Exports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012
Total exports is the sum of total exports of merchandise and commercial services.
Sources: World Trade Organization, Online Statistics Database (accessed June 12, 2013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
Pillar 11: Business sophistication
There is no doubt that sophisticated business practices are conducive to higher efficiency in the production of goods and services. Business sophistication concerns two elements that are intricately linked: the quality of a country’s overall business networks and the quality of individual firms’ operations and strategies. These factors are particularly important for countries at an advanced stage of development when, to a large extent, the more basic sources of productivity improvements have been exhausted. The quality of a country’s business networks and supporting industries, as measured by the quantity and quality of local suppliers and the extent of their interaction, is important for a variety of reasons.
When companies and suppliers from a particular sector are interconnected in geographically proximate groups, called clusters, efficiency is heightened, greater opportunities for innovation in processes and products are created, and barriers to entry for new firms are reduced. Individual firms’ advanced operations and strategies (branding, marketing, distribution, advanced production processes, and the production of unique and sophisticated products) spill over into the economy and lead to sophisticated and modern business processes across the country’s business sectors.
Pillar 12: Innovation
12.07 PCT patent applications
Number of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation
Treaty (PCT) per million population | 2009-2010
This indicator measures the total count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by priority date and inventor nationality, using a fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors. The average count of applications filed in 2009 and 2010 is divided by population figures for 2010. For Taiwan (China) and Hong Kong SAR, two advanced economies, we use estimates in the absence of reliable data on PCT applications. First, we compute the average number of all patent applications filed with the United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO) in 2009–10. We then compute the average number of PCT applications for 2009 and 2010, before computing the ratio of the two averages (1.56). Only economies with a two-year average number of at least 100 USPTO applications and 50 PCT are considered for the computation of the two averages, and Taiwan (China) and Hong Kong SAR are excluded. We then divide the average number of applications filed by residents of Taiwan and residents of Hong Kong at the USPTO in 2009 and 2010, respectively, by the ratio above in order to produce an estimate for PCT applications. As a final step, we compute the estimates per million population—that is, 537.5 for Taiwan (China) and 85.3 for Hong Kong SAR. The estimates are used to compute the respective Innovation pillar score of the two economies.
Sources: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Patent Database, as of June 2013; The World Bank, World Development Indicators Online (retrieved April 21, 2013); authors’ calculations
Una curiosidad, entre los expertos que participan en el Informe, aparece el español Xavier Sala-i-Martín, el cual aparece en unos de mis post con un artículo muy interesante, con una serie de propuestas para salir de la crisis.
Comentarios